On the Emptiness of Blessings cover

On the Emptiness of Blessings

Rating 4.2
Word count
2.4K words
Chapters
2

Tags

Summary

The common view holds that those who do good receive blessings and those who do evil invite disaster. That blessings and disasters correspond in this way is Heaven's doing: man acts, and Heaven responds. For open kindness, the ruler rewards the deed; for hidden beneficence, Heaven and Earth requite the virtue. From the noble to the lowly, from the wise to the foolish, none say otherwise. People merely see that such conduct is recorded in the texts, and observe that good people sometimes meet with good fortune, and so they believe it, calling it plainly so. Such statements may at times be sages and worthies wishing to encourage people to do good, setting down words of certainty to make clear that virtue is repaid; or perhaps those who happened to meet with good fortune took it as proof.

Editor's review

"Fu Xu Pian" is a famous chapter in Wang Chong's Lunheng discussing retribution for good and evil; its core is a challenge to the popular belief that "doing good invariably brings blessings and doing evil invariably brings disaster." Wang Chong does not deny the value of good deeds themselves; rather, he points out that fortune and misfortune do not necessarily correspond to good and evil by Heaven's will. People often believe it true because they occasionally see good people prosper and wicked people suffer, and because of the need to encourage goodness they turn the accidental into the necessary. The argument is tightly reasoned, with plain examples and skillful use of rhetorical questions and reductio ad absurdum; it is a reliable text for understanding the argumentative style of Han dynasty thought. This edition's text is concise, suitable as close-reading material for a short piece. When reading, attend to the layers of argument: first the popular saying is set out, then counterexamples are given, then causes are analyzed, and finally the difference between the intent to encourage goodness and factual judgment is pointed out. For readers who wish to train critical thinking and understand ancient tendencies toward atheism and the spirit of rationality, this piece is short but information-dense, and worth repeated chewing over.

Who it's for

A good fit for

  • Readers interested in ancient Chinese intellectual history and Han dynasty philosophy
  • Student readers hoping to train logical analysis and critical thinking
  • Language learners who need short classical Chinese texts for close-reading practice

Not a good fit for

  • Beginners expecting a systematic understanding of Wang Chong's entire thought
  • General readers who prefer narrative and entertaining reading
  • Readers unaccustomed to reading argumentative classical Chinese prose

Reading tips

  1. First read through once, marking the original sentences of the popular sayings Wang Chong refutes.
  2. On the second pass, sort out his steps of refutation: popular saying, counterexample, cause analysis, conclusion.
  3. Read in comparison with other chapters of Lunheng to understand Wang Chong's overall position.
  4. After reading, retell his core argument in your own words to test whether you have truly understood it.

About the publisher

Jinzhang Book Company (Jinzhang Shuju) China · Founded in 1901

Jinzhang Book Company (Jinzhang Shuju) was a private publishing and distribution house in Shanghai during the late Qing and early Republican periods, issuing traditional works by lithographic printing. Judging from the 1,194 titles in the collection, its publishing focused on classical poetry, Eastern philosophy, historical reading, traditional Chinese medical texts, and canonical works, along with books on literary appreciation. Representative titles include the poetry and prose collections of Du Fu and Ouyang Xiu; historical works such as the Book of Han and Zizhi Tongjian; classical texts such as the Book of Documents and Mencius; and specialized and literary classics such as Treatise on Cold Damage and Li Sao. Its author resources cover major figures across the ages, including Du Fu, Ban Gu, Sima Guang, Zhang Zhongjing, Qu Yuan, Ouyang Xiu, and Tang Shenwei, reflecting the house's characteristic reliance on traditional scholarship and medical literature while serving general readers. Public information on its early history and operational details is limited, so no conjecture is offered here.

Contents

  1. 版权信息
  2. 卷六

FAQ

What problem does "Fu Xu Pian" mainly discuss?
It mainly discusses whether the popular saying "those who do good receive blessings and those who do evil invite disaster" holds true. Wang Chong holds that there is no Heaven-ordained necessary correspondence between fortune and misfortune and good and evil; people mostly believe it true because they occasionally see good people prosper, and because of the need to encourage goodness they turn the accidental into the necessary.
Does Wang Chong deny the value of doing good?
From the discussion in this chapter, what Wang Chong questions is the causal assertion that "fortune and misfortune invariably correspond," not the value of good deeds themselves. He is more concerned with the difference between factual judgment and the intent to encourage goodness, reminding readers not to take convenient sayings meant to urge people toward goodness as necessary laws.
What background is needed to read this chapter?
A basic ability to read classical Chinese suffices; the arguments in the chapter mostly use everyday examples, so the difficulty is not high. Some familiarity with the Han dynasty intellectual background and the overall structure of Lunheng will make understanding smoother.

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About the author

Wang Chong Author · Chinese

Wang Chong (27–c. 97), courtesy name Zhongren, was a native of Shangyu in Kuaiji (present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang). A thinker, literary critic, and atheist of the Eastern Han, he entered the Imperial Academy in Luoyang in his youth and studied under Ban Biao; later he left office, stayed at home, and devoted himself to writing. His representative work, the eighty-five-chapter Lunheng (Balanced Inquiries), criticizes Chenwei superstition and the theory of interactions between Heaven and humanity, advocates a naturalist theory of qi, and stands as an important representative of Han-dynasty materialist thought. Wang Chong valued evidence and analysis in his writing, often developing arguments through questions and debates in a plain but sharp style. The collection holds sixty-nine of his works, including such pieces as Shizhi pian, Wenkong pian, Ziran pian, Daoxu pian, Duizuo pian, and Hanwen pian, covering philosophy, social criticism, and literary appreciation. He championed independent thinking and opposed blind submission to authority, exerting a lasting influence on later thought and literary criticism.

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