Graves cover

Graves

Rating 4.2
Word count
111K words
Chapters
57

Tags

Summary

Lu Xun made major contributions throughout his life to literary creation, literary criticism, intellectual inquiry, literary history, translation, the introduction of art theory, the popularization of basic science, and the collation and study of classical texts. He exerted a profound influence on the development of Chinese social thought and culture after the May Fourth Movement and gained worldwide literary renown, holding an especially important place and influence in the intellectual and cultural spheres of Korea and Japan; he has been called "the writer who occupies the largest territory on the cultural map of East Asia in the twentieth century."

Editor's review

Published in 1927, Graves is Lu Xun's first collection of essays, comprising 23 pieces written between 1907 and 1925. The title itself is a metaphor: it symbolizes the burial of old ideas and also suggests that these writings are traces of a "past life." Unlike fiction collections such as Call to Arms and Wandering, Graves foregrounds Lu Xun as thinker and essayist. Its styles are diverse, ranging from early classical-language treatises such as "The History of Man" and "A Brief History of Science" to later incisive vernacular essays such as "On the Slow Walking of 'Fair Play'" and "What Happens After Nora Leaves Home," clearly tracing the evolution of his thought from evolutionism to class theory and from scientific enlightenment to social critique. Essays such as "How Should We Educate Fathers Now?" and "My Views on Chastity" offer penetrating analyses of traditional ethics that remain powerful today; the pronouncements in "Random Notes Under the Lamp" about "an age when one wants to be a slave but cannot" and "an age when one has temporarily secured the position of a slave" are trenchant summaries of the nature of Chinese history. Reading Graves is not merely reading an essay collection but entering the gateway to Lu Xun's complex spiritual world and understanding the formation of his philosophy of "resistance to despair." This edition, published by People's Literature Publishing House, is based on the Complete Works of Lu Xun and includes detailed annotations, making it a reliable text for study. Its Douban rating of 9.2 confirms its enduring status as a classic.

Who it's for

A good fit for

  • Literary researchers seeking a systematic understanding of the early development of Lu Xun's thought
  • Readers interested in modern Chinese intellectual history and cultural criticism
  • Literature enthusiasts seeking nourishment for essay writing and intellectual depth
  • Young people confused by the conflict between tradition and modernity who seek intellectual reference points

Not a good fit for

  • Readers expecting light, story-driven reading or a pure fiction experience
  • Readers who find classical Chinese and strongly theoretical argumentation difficult to read

Reading tips

  1. Reading in chronological order of composition is recommended, as it clearly conveys the evolution of Lu Xun's style and thought
  2. When reading the early classical-language essays, consult the annotations and relevant historical background materials; do not feel obliged to understand everything on a first reading
  3. Key pieces such as "Random Notes Under the Lamp" and "On the Slow Walking of 'Fair Play'" can be reread and savored for their argumentative logic and linguistic power
  4. Graves can be read alongside later essay collections such as Hot Wind and Thatched Canopy Collection to observe shifts in his intellectual focus and style

About the publisher

People's Literature Publishing House China · Founded in 1951

People's Literature Publishing House publishes across classical literature, foreign literature, documentary writing and folk literature, with 492 titles in its catalogue. Representative books range from the Chinese classic Romance of the Three Kingdoms to Lao She's Teahouse and Longxu Ditch in the Selected Works of Lao She, as well as translated foreign literature such as Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury, Dante's Divine Comedy and Elena Ferrante's Neapolitan Novels, alongside documentary and fictional works including Primo Levi's If This Is a Man and João Guimarães Rosa's The Devil to Pay in the Backlands. Its authors include Chinese writers such as Lao She, translators such as Shen Emeri and Li Wenjun, and foreign authors such as James Wood. Overall, the house has a strong record in editing classic works and translating foreign literature, with a publishing character that bridges Chinese and foreign writing and values textual quality.

Contents

  1. 版权信息
  2. 题记
  3. 人之历史
  4. 科学史教篇
  5. 文化偏至论
  6. 摩罗诗力说
  7. 一
  8. 二
  9. 三
  10. 四
  11. 五
  12. 六
  13. 七
  14. 八
  15. 九
  16. 我之节烈观
  17. 我们现在怎样做父亲
  18. 宋民间之所谓小说及其后来
  19. 娜拉走后怎样
  20. 未有天才之前
  21. 论雷峰塔的倒掉
  22. 说胡须
  23. 论照相之类
  24. 一 材料之类
  25. 二 形式之类
  26. 三 无题之类
  27. 再论雷峰塔的倒掉
  28. 看镜有感
  29. 春末闲谈
  30. 灯下漫笔
  31. 一
  32. 二
  33. 杂忆
  34. 1
  35. 2
  36. 3
  37. 4
  38. 论“他妈的!”
  39. 论睁了眼看
  40. 从胡须说到牙齿
  41. 1
  42. 2
  43. 3
  44. 4
  45. 5
  46. 坚壁清野主义
  47. 寡妇主义
  48. 论“费厄泼赖”应该缓行
  49. 一 解题
  50. 二 论“落水狗”有三种,大都在可打之列
  51. 三 论叭儿狗尤非打落水里,又从而打之不可
  52. 四 论不“打落水狗”是误人子弟的
  53. 五 论塌台人物不当与“落水狗”相提并论
  54. 六 论现在还不能一味“费厄”
  55. 七 论“即以其人之道还治其人之身”
  56. 八 结末
  57. 写在《坟》后面

FAQ

The essays in Graves vary greatly in style, some in classical Chinese and some in vernacular. Why?
This reflects the nearly two decades (1907–1925) of intellectual and stylistic experimentation behind Lu Xun's writing. Early essays such as "The History of Man" are in classical Chinese, reflecting the influence of Yan Fu's translations of evolutionary theory and the academic discourse of the time; after the May Fourth New Culture Movement, he consciously adopted the vernacular and turned to incisive, direct essay writing. This variation is itself an important clue to understanding his intellectual transformation.
Why did Lu Xun title this essay collection Graves?
In his prefatory note, Lu Xun explains two reasons: first, gathering these past writings together amounts to a "burial," carrying a sense of farewell and summation; second, a "grave" is not an absolute end—it preserves old traces and may also become the starting point of a new journey, embodying the complex mood of "a memorial meant for forgetting." The title distills his profound reflection on history and on himself.
For ordinary modern readers, what is the main value of reading Graves?
Its value lies in at least three respects: first, as a mirror of history—its critique of national character, old ritual ethics, and false reform still illuminates reality today; second, as intellectual training—Lu Xun's rigorous logic and paradoxical profundity (such as the "iron house" metaphor) greatly sharpen critical thinking; third, as linguistic nourishment—his essay language is concise, vivid, and forceful, a model for Chinese prose. Despite the different times, his pursuit of "establishing the human being" and of "truth" retains enduring spiritual power.

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About the author

Lu Xun Author · China · 1881–1936

Lu Xun, originally named Zhou Shuren and styled Yucai, was a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, and a leading modern Chinese writer and thinker as well as a representative figure of the New Culture Movement. With works such as "A Madman's Diary" and "The True Story of Ah Q," he laid the foundation of modern Chinese fiction. His writing often focuses on the spiritual condition of ordinary people and on social reality, in a cold, concise style rich in critique and self-reflection. His story collections "Call to Arms" and "Wandering" and his prose collection "Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk" are widely read, and his works are often classified as classics, social fiction, and documentary literature. The library holds as many as 499 editions of his works, showing that they continue to be read, anthologized, and circulated. Public information is limited, so this is only a brief account of his life's key points and creative character.