Returning to Substance cover

Returning to Substance

Rating 3.9
Word count
5.8K words
Chapters
6

Tags

Summary

Confucius divined and obtained the hexagram Bi, whereupon he heaved a sigh, looking up with a sense of discontent. Zizhang stepped forward, raised his hand, and asked: "I have heard that Bi is an auspicious hexagram—why do you sigh at it?" Confucius said: "Bi is not a pure color; that is why I sigh. I think of plain substance: white should be truly white, black should be truly black. What need is there for adornment? I have also heard that cinnabar lacquer is not patterned, white jade is not carved, and precious pearls are not ornamented—why? Because what has substance in abundance does not accept adornment."

Editor's review

Though brief, Fan Zhi uses Confucius's sigh over the Bi hexagram to draw a direct line between adornment and substance. The original passage takes "white should be truly white, black should be truly black" as its metaphor, stressing that those full of essential substance need not rely on outward embellishment; the images of cinnabar lacquer, white jade, and precious pearls advance layer by layer, stating the principle that "what has substance in abundance does not accept adornment" cleanly and to the point. The book's value lies not in grand exposition but in prompting renewed reflection on flashiness and plainness through a single concise dialogue—an awakening read. The 2024 edition from Bashu Press makes this ancient text accessible to general readers and suits slow, careful reading in spare moments. While reading, connect it with your own experience and consider which embellishments are necessary and which merely obscure essence. It is especially suited to readers interested in pre-Qin thought and Confucian discourse, and also serves as a short chapter to chew over repeatedly when writing or cultivating oneself.

Who it's for

A good fit for

  • Readers interested in pre-Qin Confucian thought and Confucius's words and deeds
  • Readers who enjoy short classical texts and are willing to read fine works closely
  • Those seeking plain style and inspiration for self-cultivation and conduct
  • Beginning readers hoping to build a feel for classical Chinese through short passages

Not a good fit for

  • Readers expecting systematic philosophical treatises or lengthy commentaries
  • Those who prefer modern vernacular and do not wish to engage with classical Chinese
  • Applied readers seeking abundant cases and practical methods

Reading tips

  1. Read the original through once, then go sentence by sentence with the notes to understand key terms such as bi and plain substance.
  2. After reading, write a short note of about a hundred words connecting it to an experience of your own of over-embellishment or return to simplicity.
  3. Read it alongside relevant chapters of the Analects to appreciate the concision and reserve of Confucius's way of speaking.
  4. Best read a small portion each day and set it aside to savor; there is no need to finish it in one sitting.

About the publisher

Bashu Publishing House China · Founded in 1983

Bashu Publishing House is a publisher centered on collating and publishing classical Chinese cultural texts, with its main publishing areas covering classical literature, Eastern philosophy, ancient poetry, and educational classics. Its library currently holds 1,075 titles, including representative works such as Dream of the Red Chamber, the Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Gathering, Renjian Cihua, and Out to the Frontier, involving authors such as Cao Xueqin, Wang Xizhi, Wang Guowei, Wang Changling, Liu Xie, and Yan Yu. These reflect the publisher's focus on literary classics, poetry criticism, and philosophical readings. Its publishing character lies in working around ancient texts and canonical works, with attention to textual collation and presentation. Public information on its more detailed publishing background and series plans is limited; this introduction is based only on the library's book information.

Contents

  1. 版权信息
  2. 卷二十 反质(一)
  3. 卷二十 反质(二)
  4. 卷二十 反质(三)
  5. 卷二十 反质(四)
  6. 卷二十 反质(五)

FAQ

What does "Bi is not a pure color" mean?
Here bi refers to adornment and color; Confucius holds that it is not the pure original color, and so he sighs. The original uses "white should be truly white, black should be truly black" to show that essence should present itself as it is, thereby criticizing excessive adornment and leading to the claim that "what has substance in abundance does not accept adornment."
This book has only one dialogue—is it worth reading?
Yes. The value of a short passage lies in saying much with little; a single dialogue can raise the question of choosing between substance and adornment. If readers ponder it in light of their own experience, it often leaves a deeper impression than broad reading of long works and is easy to reread.
Can I read it without a foundation in classical Chinese?
You can try. The original is not long; first use the notes and translation to clear up the wording, then return to the original. The point is not word-by-word textual research but grasping the core idea that "what has substance in abundance does not accept adornment"; a first reading need not aim for completeness or depth.

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About the author

Anonymous Author

Anonymous is not a real personal name but a general Chinese designation for authors whose names are unknown, lost, or unsigned. Neither nationality nor dates of birth and death can be verified, and available public information is limited, so the works attributed to this name are the only basis for description. The collection holds 2,078 works under Anonymous, spanning medicine, classics, historical readings, ancient poetry, classical literature, and philosophy. Representative works include The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon: Lingshu, Mencius, The Book of Documents, Nineteen Old Poems, Complete Song Ci, and The Peacock Flies Southeast. Most of these works took shape through long transmission and editing, emerging either from collective folk creation or from authors whose names were lost over time. In ancient China, the Book of Songs, the Great Learning, and many popular storybooks and plays were signed Anonymous because their authors could not be traced. Anonymous works cross the classics, histories, philosophical writings, medical texts, and poetry; their subjects are broad, and their styles vary from archaic simplicity to clear naturalness, making them important and influential sources for understanding ancient Chinese thought, medicine, and literature.

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